\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e. On June 4, 1880<\/strong> The Law on the Right to Mint Coins in the Principality of Bulgaria was promulgated. This law created the national monetary unit "lev"<\/strong><\/a>, divided into hundred parts \u2013 \u201ccents\u201d and the weight, metal content and designs of Bulgarian coins are determined. The normative act determines the amount of gold, silver and copper in the coins, while the total money supply in the country is limited to 15 million leva. The value of the leva at its \u201cbirth\u201d is equal to the French franc.<\/p>\n The earliest stage of trade is the so-called barter exchange. The transition from barter to barter-money exchange is an important stage in the economic development of humanity. Here is how this process occurs: \ud83d\udcb0 2. Emergence of a common equivalent. <\/strong>Over time, it was noticed that some goods were more in demand and universal \u2013 for example, salt, cattle, furs, gold and silver. These goods began to be used as a medium of exchange \u2013 everyone accepted them because they knew they could be exchanged for other goods later. Thus, the role of a common equivalent was formed.<\/p>\n \ud83d\udcb5 3. Appearance of money. <\/strong>From the multitude of common equivalents, one commodity gradually prevails, which fulfills this role best \u2013 for example, gold. It is accepted by everyone as money \u2013 a medium of exchange, a measure of value and a means of accumulation. This leads to commodity-money exchange, in which the exchange now takes place through money: Over time, humanity transitioned from commodity-money exchange to money-commodity exchange.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u2022 Commodity-monetary exchange: goods are at the center \u2192 people produce goods to exchange them with the help of money. \ud83d\udcbc Importance for the economy:<\/strong><\/p>\n \ud83e\udde0 Summary: <\/strong>The transition to monetary-commodity relations marks a shift from natural exchange and production to a market economy. The central goal is no longer simply the exchange of needed goods, but the accumulation of capital (profit).<\/p>\n Currency board \u2013 advantages and disadvantages<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\ud83d\udccc How do you get paper money?<\/h2>\n
\n\ud83d\udd04 1. Barter. <\/strong>The earliest form of trade is barter. People directly exchange one good for another \u2013 for example, bread for milk. A major problem: double coincidence of needs \u2013 both parties must want what the other offers.<\/p>\n
\nExample: a person sells bread for money, and then uses that money to buy milk<\/em><\/p>\n
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Example: bread \u2192 money \u2192 milk<\/em>
\n\u2022 Money-commodity exchange: money is now at the center \u2192 people sell to get money and buy to satisfy their needs.
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Example: money \u2192 goods \u2192 profit<\/em><\/p>\n\n
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