{"id":728,"date":"2023-02-09T17:13:11","date_gmt":"2023-02-09T17:13:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magicart-delta.com\/?p=728"},"modified":"2023-12-17T19:46:14","modified_gmt":"2023-12-17T19:46:14","slug":"%d0%b4%d0%b0-%d1%81%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%b7%d0%b8%d0%bc-%d0%be%d1%82-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b3%d1%80%d1%8f%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b5-%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8-%d0%b1%d1%8a%d1%80%d0%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magicart-delta.com\/it\/2023\/02\/09\/\u0434\u0430-\u0441\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043c-\u043e\u0442-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435-\u0438\u043b\u0438-\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043d\/","title":{"rendered":"Per proteggerci dal surriscaldamento o dal fenomeno del Burnout in psicologia"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><em><strong>Definizione del concetto<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n<p>Il termine anglosassone <strong>bruciato<\/strong> significa letteralmente <strong>sto bruciando<\/strong> ed \u00e8 occupato dalla meccanica indica l&#039;esaurimento finale della miscela di carburante del motore a combustione interna, che porta al surriscaldamento e all&#039;esplosione. Il concetto di burnout \u00e8 apparso nella letteratura psicologica nel 1974. Prima di allora veniva descritto come stress, depressione, esaurimento, alienazione. Agli inizi degli anni \u201880 l\u2019interesse per il burnout lavorativo aument\u00f2. Herbert Freudenberger scrisse per la prima volta sul fenomeno o sindrome del burnout nel 1974 nel suo libro &quot;Burnout. Il prezzo alto dell\u2019eccellenza\u201d. Gi\u00e0 allora lo definiva come uno stato di disordine fisico, emotivo e comportamentale, conseguenza del sovraccarico di lavoro. Nel 1982, Christina Moslach e Susan Jackson svilupparono una metodologia di test per diagnosticare la condizione.<\/p>\n<h2><em><strong>Sintomi <\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n<p>La comparsa del sintomo non dipende solo dalla persona, n\u00e9 solo dalla professione. \u00c8 un insieme di confluenza sfavorevole di fattori esterni ed interni. <strong>Le cause del burnout professionale sono generali e specifiche<\/strong> per le singole professioni. A <strong>fattori comuni<\/strong> per tutte le professioni sociali esistono fattori di stress causati da orari e carichi di lavoro troppo lunghi, dalla mancanza di sufficiente ordine e chiarezza nelle aspettative e nelle esigenze, disaccordi e conflitti nell&#039;ambiente di lavoro. <strong>Fattori di personalit\u00e0<\/strong>, che hanno un impatto sullo sviluppo del burnout sono generalmente: instabilit\u00e0, tendenza ad alte aspettative per s\u00e9 e per gli altri, incapacit\u00e0 e riluttanza a delegare compiti (o mancanza di fiducia negli altri), squilibrio nei rapporti di dare e ricevere, aumento dell&#039;ansia , idealismo, eccessivo entusiasmo ed eccessiva ambizione, alte aspettative, giudizio irrealistico, stile di accettazione e di risoluzione dei problemi, luogo di controllo, labilit\u00e0 emotiva.<\/p>\n<p><strong>La sindrome del burnout \u00e8 caratterizzata da alcuni sintomi:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SINTOMI FISIOLOGICI \u2013 stanchezza cronica, ridotta resistenza alle infezioni virali e da raffreddore, ridotta immunit\u00e0 del corpo, cambiamenti nell\u2019appetito e, di conseguenza, nel peso;<\/li>\n<li>SINTOMI COGNITIVI - apatia, mancanza di nuove idee, routine nell&#039;adempimento dei compiti, frigidit\u00e0 nel pensiero e nelle azioni, ritiro, distanziamento, atteggiamento negativo verso le persone dipendenti e talvolta verso colleghi e superiori, atteggiamento negativo verso il lavoro;<\/li>\n<li>SINTOMI EMOTIVI - sensazione di fallimento, disperazione, senso di colpa, impotenza, maggiore irritabilit\u00e0 e scarsa tolleranza per commenti e opinioni diverse, sfiducia, sospettosit\u00e0, ridotta sensibilit\u00e0 alla comprensione, mancanza di empatia.<\/li>\n<li>SINTOMI COMPORTAMENTALI - ridotta capacit\u00e0 lavorativa ed efficienza, lamentele eterne, lamentele e insoddisfazione, tendenza a forme di comportamento estreme\/astinenza brusca, aggressivit\u00e0\/ e comportamenti rischiosi - aumento dell&#039;uso di alcol e sigarette, assunzione di oppiacei, ecc.\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le condizioni generali della persona sono peggiorate, si sente fisicamente e mentalmente esausto, non ha motivazione per lavorare. \u00c8 accompagnato da cinismo, isolamento sociale e capacit\u00e0 lavorativa fortemente ridotta. Colpisce soprattutto le persone che iniziano il proprio percorso professionale con grande entusiasmo ed elevata motivazione, che si confrontano con una realt\u00e0 che non soddisfa le loro aspettative. Queste persone sono solitamente personale ben preparato, buoni specialisti nel loro campo, che si &quot;esauriscono&quot; rapidamente, la loro efficienza diminuisce e gradualmente cadono nella frustrazione. Inizialmente si riteneva che le professioni sociali come insegnanti, infermieri, medici fossero predisposte a tale condizione. Successivamente, il gruppo di persone si \u00e8 ampliato e oggi \u00e8 accettato che chiunque abbia un lavoro legato alla comunicazione con le persone corre il rischio di &quot;surriscaldamento&quot; professionale. <strong>La differenza tra burnout e stress negativo \u00e8 che se una persona che si trova in uno stato di stress non si sente particolarmente felice alla fine della giornata lavorativa, ma esce con gli amici o si impegna in un&#039;attivit\u00e0 piacevole, il suo umore migliora<\/strong>. Questo non \u00e8 il caso del burnout. Questo fenomeno non dovrebbe essere visto come un evento isolato, ma piuttosto come un processo di accumulo di stress.<\/p>\n<h2><em><strong>Struttura<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n<p>Il fenomeno del burnout o sindrome del burnout ha una struttura a tre componenti, incluso <em>esaurimento psico-emotivo, depersonalizzazione e riduzione dei risultati professionali<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Sotto <strong><em>esaurimento psicoemotivo<\/em><\/strong> si comprende la sensazione di esaurimento emotivo e di stanchezza causata dal proprio lavoro. La principale fonte di esaurimento psico-emotivo \u00e8 l&#039;ambiente di lavoro e i conflitti personali sul posto di lavoro. Le persone si sentono esauste e torturate, senza alcuna speranza di ripresa. All&#039;inizio della giornata lavorativa o quando incontrano altre persone, si sentono impotenti, apatici, persino depressi. Il componente <em>esaurimento psicoemotivo <\/em>\u00e8 la componente principale nella struttura del burnout professionale.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Depersonalizzazione<\/em><\/strong> implica un atteggiamento cinico nei confronti del lavoro e del soggetto del lavoro. Si manifesta come una sorta di protezione, come un cuscinetto emotivo in risposta allo sviluppo dell&#039;esaurimento psico-emotivo. La disumanizzazione pu\u00f2 quindi svilupparsi. La depersonalizzazione implica un atteggiamento insensibile nei confronti di colleghi o clienti. Sono percepiti non come persone vive, ma come problemi e difficolt\u00e0 con cui arrivano al lavoro professionale.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Riduzione (riduzione) dei risultati professionali <\/em><\/strong>si correla con un indebolimento del senso di autocompetenza e di produttivit\u00e0 del proprio lavoro. Questa sensazione riduce le prestazioni, porta alla depressione e all\u2019incapacit\u00e0 di far fronte alle richieste lavorative e pu\u00f2 essere esacerbata dalla mancanza di supporto sociale e di opportunit\u00e0 di crescita professionale. I dipendenti che sperimentano un crescente senso di incapacit\u00e0 di aiutare il cliente possono formarsi una visione delirante di se stessi come dei falliti. La riduzione della componente di successo professionale \u00e8 una misura auto-riferita del burnout professionale.<\/p>\n<h2><em><strong>Metodologia<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n<p>La ricerca utilizza la &quot;Metodologia per valutare la sindrome del &quot;burnout&quot; nelle professioni dal sistema &quot;persona-persona&quot; di N.E. Vodopyanova (Vodopyanova, 2011). La metodologia esamina le tre componenti della combustione.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>esaurimento emotivo<\/em> - manifestato in uno sfondo emotivo abbassato, indifferenza o sovrasaturazione emotiva;<\/li>\n<li><em>depersonalizzazione <\/em>- si manifesta nella deformazione delle relazioni con altre persone;<\/li>\n<li><em>riduzione dei risultati personali<\/em> - si manifesta nella tendenza a valutare negativamente se stessi, i propri risultati e successi professionali, negativit\u00e0 verso i successi e le opportunit\u00e0 professionali o nel ridurre la propria dignit\u00e0, limitando le proprie opportunit\u00e0 e obblighi verso gli altri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Al soggetto vengono offerte 22 affermazioni su sentimenti ed esperienze legate al lavoro. L\u2019elenco di queste dichiarazioni \u00e8 il seguente:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>Mi sento emotivamente svuotato dal mio lavoro<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Alla fine della giornata lavorativa mi sento come un limone spremuto<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Mi sento stanco quando mi alzo la mattina e devo andare a lavorare<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Capisco cosa provano le persone con cui lavoro e lo utilizzo nell&#039;interesse del lavoro<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Comunico con le persone nel mio lavoro in modo puramente formale, senza emozioni inutili e cerco di ridurre al minimo la comunicazione<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Mi sento energico ed emotivamente sollevato<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Nelle situazioni di conflitto, so come trovare la giusta soluzione<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Mi sento depresso e apatico<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Posso influenzare positivamente la produttivit\u00e0 lavorativa dei colleghi\/persone con cui lavoro<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Ultimamente sento di essere diventato pi\u00f9 insensibile nei confronti delle persone con cui lavoro<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Di norma, le persone con cui lavoro mi mettono molto a dura prova. Mi logorano invece di rendermi felice.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Ho progetti per il futuro e credo nella loro realizzazione<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Ho iniziato a provare sempre pi\u00f9 delusioni nella vita<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Ho iniziato a diventare apatico e a perdere interesse per molte cose che mi rendevano felice<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Mi capita di essere davvero indifferente a ci\u00f2 che accade ad alcuni dei miei colleghi<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Voglio stare da solo e prendermi una pausa da tutto e da tutti<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Riesco facilmente a creare una buona atmosfera lavorativa con le persone con cui lavoro<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Comunico facilmente con le persone, indipendentemente dal loro status e indipendentemente dal loro carattere<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Riesco a portare a termine un sacco di lavoro<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Mi sento al limite<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Otterr\u00f2 molte pi\u00f9 cose nella mia vita<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Succede che i colleghi trasferiscano a me i loro problemi e doveri<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Dopo aver letto ciascuna affermazione, il soggetto deve decidere come si sente. Posizioni di risposta suggerite:<\/p>\n<p><strong>0 \u2013 mai; 1-molto raro; 2-raro; 3-a volte; 4-spesso; 5 - molto spesso; 6-sempre<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sul foglio risposte sono annotate le iniziali, la professione, l&#039;et\u00e0, l&#039;esperienza.<\/p>\n<p>I risultati vengono elaborati in base alla chiave. La chiave della domanda \u00e8 suggerita di seguito:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Scale - Numero della richiesta - Importo max. palla<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Burnout emotivo \u2013 1,2,3,6*,8,13,14,16,20 \u2013 54<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Depersonalizzazione \u2013 5,10,11,15,22 \u2013 30<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Riduzione dei Risultati Personali \u2013 4,7,9,12,17,18,19,21 \u2013 48<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sottoscala\u00a0 <em>Burnout emotivo<\/em> \u00e8 composto da 9 domande, tenendo conto del grado di sovrasaturazione emotiva.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nota: la domanda n. 6 \u00e8 invertita e i voti vengono calcolati in ordine inverso.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sottoscala <em>Depersonalizzazione<\/em> \u00e8 composto da 5 domande che tengono conto del grado di alienazione e della tendenza alla disumanizzazione.<\/p>\n<p>La sottoscala <em>Riduzione dei risultati personali<\/em> comprende 9 domande, tenendo conto della tendenza a sminuire i risultati personali e a limitare le proprie possibilit\u00e0.<\/p>\n<p>L&#039;interpretazione dei risultati \u00e8 costruita sulla base del confronto delle stime ottenute su tutte le sottoscale dei valori medi nei gruppi studiati e con i dati demografici presentati di seguito:<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Livelli di surriscaldamento \u2013 basso \u2013 medio \u2013 alto<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Esaurimento emotivo \u2013 0; 16-17; 26 \u2013 27 e oltre<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Depersonalizzazione \u2013 0; 6-7; 12 \u2013 13 e oltre<\/strong> <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Riduzione dei risultati personali - 39 e pi\u00f9 - 38; 32 \u2013 31 ;0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<h2><em><strong>Prevenzione<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n<p>La prevenzione \u00e8 un lavoro lungimirante e riflette la capacit\u00e0 di una persona di essere preparata con informazioni e un atteggiamento riguardo al prezzo che pagherebbe per le scelte che fa. Possiamo distinguere diversi tipi di prevenzione: primaria, secondaria, terziaria, di coping.<\/p>\n<p>Nella prevenzione primaria, i fattori che influenzano e aumentano lo stress devono essere prima rimossi. Possono essere di natura molto diversa. Qui, un punto importante \u00e8 che una persona sia in grado di analizzare bene se stessa e l&#039;ambiente.<\/p>\n<p>La prevenzione secondaria \u00e8 la diagnosi precoce dello stress gi\u00e0 esistente e l&#039;applicazione di procedure terapeutiche adeguate per prevenirne lo sviluppo ed eliminarlo.<\/p>\n<p>Nella prevenzione terziaria limitiamo solo le conseguenze causate dai disturbi mentali indotti dallo stress.<\/p>\n<p>Il coping \u00e8 un processo attraverso il quale un individuo gestisce lo stress cronico o si adatta alla situazione. \u00c8 un processo di superamento del senso di perdita o di minaccia. In questo tipo di prevenzione si possono applicare due strategie principali: o impegnarsi per risolvere il problema oppure regolare le proprie emozioni. Solitamente le due strategie vengono attuate in parallelo. L\u2019obiettivo del coping \u00e8 raggiungere l\u2019equilibrio nella psiche personale e nelle esperienze personali delle situazioni critiche. Tale equilibrio pu\u00f2 essere raggiunto cambiando la situazione o cambiando la personalit\u00e0.<\/p>\n<h2><em><strong>Burnout nella professione docente<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n<p>Tutto quanto fin qui esposto pu\u00f2 essere applicato anche alla professione docente. Il fatto \u00e8 che gli insegnanti oggi sono esauriti in misura maggiore o minore. I fattori interni come causa di ci\u00f2 sono specifici per ciascun individuo. Come ragioni esterne per l&#039;emergere della sindrome nella professione docente, possiamo notare diversi fattori principali: gli insegnanti moderni, e soprattutto quelli che sono insegnanti di classe, sono sovraccarichi di lavoro amministrativo e ad un certo punto praticamente non hanno pi\u00f9 tempo per insegnare perch\u00e9 sono costretti a fare i conti con cose banali come padroneggiare la disciplina in classe, rieducare gli studenti gi\u00e0 cresciuti, incontri straordinari con i genitori di bambini problematici, spiegazioni alla direzione sull&#039;indisciplina e sull&#039;analfabetismo di massa... Tutto questo \u00e8 stancante e mentalmente estenuante. L\u2019insegnante moderno, pressato da norme insane scritte da persone che evidentemente non hanno idea di quale sia la realt\u00e0 della scuola odierna, pressato da libri di testo scritti in modo analfabeta, pressato da genitori insolenti che, nel tentativo di soddisfare materialmente i propri figli, non hanno dato loro una dell&#039;istruzione di base e, non ultimo, pressato dal fatto che nei confronti dei suoi alunni lui, l&#039;insegnante, ha solo doveri e quasi nessun diritto... ad un certo punto questo insegnante comincia a sentirsi innanzitutto impotente e frustrato, il che a sua volta il tempo stesso porta alla comparsa di altri sintomi; infine, a seconda dello stato mentale personale dell&#039;individuo, comincia a &quot;esaurirsi&quot; in misura maggiore o minore.<\/p>\n<p>Un altro motivo importante del burnout in questa professione \u00e8 la routine e la monotonia. Quando un insegnante insegna per lungo tempo nella stessa scuola o in classi della stessa graduazione (ad esempio, gli insegnanti di lingue straniere nelle scuole di lingua che ogni anno subentrano nelle classi preparatorie), questa monotonia comincia a diventare noiosa e la persona non provare lo stesso piacere nel lavoro di prima.<\/p>\n<p>Oggi la maggior parte di noi \u00e8 ben consapevole degli aspetti negativi della professione di insegnante. A seconda della nostra personalit\u00e0 e delle nostre caratteristiche psicologiche, alcuni di noi conoscono bene se stessi e sono bravi nell\u2019introspezione. L&#039;autoanalisi frequente e la valutazione reale della situazione possono essere una buona prevenzione contro il &quot;surriscaldamento&quot;.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c8 importante che un insegnante cambi e diversifichi periodicamente, se non l&#039;istituzione in cui lavora, almeno la sua attivit\u00e0. Di non limitarsi solo all&#039;insegnamento, di partecipare, secondo il suo tempo e i suoi interessi, a vari progetti scolastici e, se possibile, di cambiare classe e scuola. Ci sono persone per le quali la routine e la monotonia hanno un effetto piuttosto positivo. Ma l&#039;uomo \u00e8 un essere creato per muoversi e svilupparsi costantemente in una forma o nell&#039;altra. Pertanto, la routine nella professione \u00e8 dannosa e dovrebbe essere evitata.<\/p>\n<p>*******************************************************<\/p>\n<p>In molti casi, alcune semplici cose possono proteggere un individuo dallo stress indesiderato e prevenire l\u2019insorgenza della sindrome da burnout. Ci\u00f2 pu\u00f2 essere ottenuto con un maggiore senso dell\u2019umorismo, un alto livello di autonomia personale, un senso di appartenenza all\u2019intera umanit\u00e0 o anche a qualche societ\u00e0. <strong>O per dirla in un altro modo: siamo seri senza prenderci troppo sul serio.<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Definizione del concetto Il termine anglosassone burn out significa letteralmente bruciare ed \u00e8 preso in prestito dalla meccanica per denotare l&#039;esaurimento definitivo della miscela di carburante del motore a combustione interna, che porta al surriscaldamento e all&#039;esplosione. Il concetto di burnout \u00e8 apparso nella letteratura psicologica nel 1974. Prima di allora veniva descritto come stress, depressione, esaurimento, alienazione. 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Il concetto di burnout \u00e8 apparso nella letteratura psicologica nel 1974. Prima di allora veniva descritto come stress, depressione, esaurimento, alienazione. 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